Comparative Exhaust-Gas Characteristics of Sugarcane Bagasse and Pineapple Waste Bioethanol Blends in a Fuel-Injected Motorcycle under a Common HHO-System Configuration
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Abstract
Agricultural waste-derived bioethanol offers a renewable gasoline-blending option for spark-ignition engines. This study compared sugarcane bagasse- and pineapple waste-derived bioethanol blends in a fuel-injected Honda BeAT motorcycle operated under a common HHO-system configuration. Five fuel formulations—E0, E5-SC, E10-SC, E5-PW, and E10-PW—were tested at 1500, 4000, and 7000 rpm. CO, HC, CO₂, and O₂ were measured using a four-gas analyzer, while λ and AFR were reported by the analyzer. Results are presented as means from three replicate runs. E10-SC recorded the lowest mean CO concentration at 4000 rpm and the lowest mean HC concentration at 7000 rpm, whereas E10-PW recorded the lowest mean CO concentration at 7000 rpm. The formulation rankings varied with engine speed and measured parameter. Because HHO was not tested independently, its specific contribution could not be determined.
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This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Copyright (c): Calvin M. P. Sinaga, Wawan Purwanto (2026)
How to Cite
Sinaga, C., Purwanto, W., Setiawan, M. Y., & Arif, A. (2026). Comparative Exhaust-Gas Characteristics of Sugarcane Bagasse and Pineapple Waste Bioethanol Blends in a Fuel-Injected Motorcycle under a Common HHO-System Configuration. MOTIVECTION : Journal of Mechanical, Electrical and Industrial Engineering, 8(2), 143-158. https://doi.org/10.46574/motivection.v8i2.608
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[23] Y. M. D. E. Saputra and M. H. Tullah, “Experimental study of the effect of increased compression ratio on the torque and power of the Honda CB 150R engine using E85 fuel,” Motivection: Journal of Mechanical, Electrical and Industrial Engineering, vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 11–18, 2021, doi: 10.46574/motivection.v3i1.82.
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[25] A. Rimkus, G. Mejeras, and J. Matijošius, “The influence of hydrogen and oxygen (HHO) gas on engine characteristics under the effect of lean mixtures of gasoline and bioethanol,” International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, vol. 48, no. 99, pp. 39612–39624, 2023, doi: 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2023.07.167.
[26] S. T. P. Purayil, M. O. Hamdan, S. A. B. Al-Omari, M. Y. E. Selim, and E. Elnajjar, “Review of hydrogen–gasoline SI dual-fuel engines: Engine performance and emission,” Energy Reports, vol. 9, pp. 4547–4573, 2023, doi: 10.1016/j.egyr.2023.03.054.
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[29] O. M. Butt, T. Saeed, H. Elahi, U. Masud, U. Ghafoor, H. S. Che, N. A. Rahim, and M. S. Ahmad, “A predictive approach to optimize an HHO generator coupled with solar PV as a standalone system,” Sustainability, vol. 13, no. 21, Art. no. 12110, 2021, doi: 10.3390/su132112110.
[30] M. A. Musmar and A. A. Al-Rousan, “Effect of HHO gas on combustion emissions in gasoline engines,” Fuel, vol. 90, no. 10, pp. 3066–3070, 2011, doi: 10.1016/j.fuel.2011.05.013.
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[3] D. Purnama, A. Arif, E. Alwi, and T. Sugiarto, “Analisis penggunaan bahan bakar campuran Pertalite dengan bioetanol dari tebu terhadap konsumsi bahan bakar dan emisi gas buang pada sepeda motor injeksi,” MSI Transaction on Education, vol. 4, no. 3, pp. 123–134, 2023, doi: 10.46574/mted.v4i3.117.
[4] A. H. Sebayang, H. H. Masjuki, H. C. Ong, S. Dharma, A. S. Silitonga, T. M. I. Mahlia, and H. B. Aditiya, “A perspective on bioethanol production from biomass as alternative fuel for spark-ignition engines,” RSC Advances, vol. 6, no. 18, pp. 14964–14992, 2016, doi: 10.1039/C5RA24983J.
[5] J. T. Casabar, Y. Unpaprom, and R. Ramaraj, “Fermentation of pineapple fruit peel wastes for bioethanol production,” Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery, vol. 9, no. 4, pp. 761–765, 2019, doi: 10.1007/s13399-019-00436-y.
[6] S. T. Mgeni, L. A. Mtashobya, and J. K. Emmanuel, “Bioethanol production from pineapple fruit waste juice using bakery yeast,” Heliyon, vol. 10, no. 19, Art. no. e38172, 2024, doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e38172.
[7] R. Wahyudi, W. Purwanto, H. Maksum, M. Y. Setiawan, and Y. G. Sampurno, “The effect of electrolyzer installation on 4-stroke modified injection motorcycle on fuel consumption and exhaust gas,” Motivection: Journal of Mechanical, Electrical and Industrial Engineering, vol. 5, no. 2, pp. 415–426, 2023, doi: 10.46574/motivection.v5i2.238.
[8] Y. Karagöz, N. Yuca, T. Sandalci, and A. S. Dalkilic, “Effect of hydrogen and oxygen addition as a mixture on emissions and performance characteristics of a gasoline engine,” International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, vol. 40, no. 28, pp. 8750–8760, 2015, doi: 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2015.05.039.
[9] M. S. Gad et al., “Impact of oxy-hydrogen-enriched gasoline on petrol-engine performance and emissions,” Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry, vol. 147, no. 23, pp. 13793–13803, 2022, doi: 10.1007/s10973-022-11513-2.
[10] S. Verhelst and T. Wallner, “Hydrogen-fueled internal combustion engines,” Progress in Energy and Combustion Science, vol. 35, no. 6, pp. 490–527, 2009, doi: 10.1016/j.pecs.2009.08.001.
[11] A. Elfasakhany, “Investigations on the effects of ethanol–methanol–gasoline blends in a spark-ignition engine: Performance and emissions analysis,” Engineering Science and Technology, an International Journal, vol. 18, no. 4, pp. 713–719, 2015, doi: 10.1016/j.jestch.2015.05.003.
[12] M. N. A. M. Yusoff, N. W. M. Zulkifli, B. M. Masum, and H. H. Masjuki, “Feasibility of bioethanol and biobutanol as transportation fuel in spark-ignition engines: A review,” RSC Advances, vol. 5, no. 121, pp. 100184–100211, 2015, doi: 10.1039/C5RA12735A.
[13] D. Y. Dhande, N. Sinaga, and K. B. Dahe, “Study on combustion, performance and exhaust emissions of bioethanol–gasoline blended spark-ignition engine,” Heliyon, vol. 7, no. 3, Art. no. e06380, 2021, doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e06380.
[14] M. K. Mohammed, H. H. Balla, Z. M. H. Al-Dulaimi, Z. S. Kareem, and M. S. Al-Zuhairy, “Effect of ethanol–gasoline blends on SI engine performance and emissions,” Case Studies in Thermal Engineering, vol. 25, Art. no. 100891, 2021, doi: 10.1016/j.csite.2021.100891.
[15] M. Koç, Y. Sekmen, T. Topgül, and H. S. Yücesu, “The effects of ethanol–unleaded gasoline blends on engine performance and exhaust emissions in a spark-ignition engine,” Renewable Energy, vol. 34, no. 10, pp. 2101–2106, 2009, doi: 10.1016/j.renene.2009.01.018.
[16] M. Gajewski, S. Wyrąbkiewicz, and J. Kaszkowiak, “Effects of ethanol–gasoline blends on the performance and emissions of a vehicle spark-ignition engine,” Energies, vol. 18, no. 13, Art. no. 3466, 2025, doi: 10.3390/en18133466.
[17] P. Iodice, A. Senatore, G. Langella, and A. Amoresano, “Effect of ethanol–gasoline blends on CO and HC emissions in last-generation SI engines within the cold-start transient: An experimental investigation,” Applied Energy, vol. 179, pp. 182–190, 2016, doi: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2016.06.144.
[18] A. Rimkus, S. Pukalskas, G. Mejeras, and S. Nagurnas, “Impact of bioethanol concentration in gasoline on SI engine sustainability,” Sustainability, vol. 16, no. 6, Art. no. 2397, 2024, doi: 10.3390/su16062397.
[19] P. Alvira, E. Tomás-Pejó, M. Ballesteros, and M. J. Negro, “Pretreatment technologies for an efficient bioethanol production process based on enzymatic hydrolysis: A review,” Bioresource Technology, vol. 101, no. 13, pp. 4851–4861, 2010, doi: 10.1016/j.biortech.2009.11.093.
[20] M. J. Taherzadeh and K. Karimi, “Pretreatment of lignocellulosic wastes to improve ethanol and biogas production: A review,” International Journal of Molecular Sciences, vol. 9, no. 9, pp. 1621–1651, 2008, doi: 10.3390/ijms9091621.
[21] J. B. Heywood, Internal Combustion Engine Fundamentals, 2nd ed. New York, NY, USA: McGraw-Hill Education, 2018.
[22] R. Stone, Introduction to Internal Combustion Engines, 4th ed. London, U.K.: Palgrave Macmillan, 2012.
[23] Y. M. D. E. Saputra and M. H. Tullah, “Experimental study of the effect of increased compression ratio on the torque and power of the Honda CB 150R engine using E85 fuel,” Motivection: Journal of Mechanical, Electrical and Industrial Engineering, vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 11–18, 2021, doi: 10.46574/motivection.v3i1.82.
[24] D. Hermansyah, A. Afdal, Z. Zulkarnain, and R. D. Koto, “Study on the impact of CDI limiter and CDI unlimiter usage on motorcycle fuel consumption and exhaust gas emissions,” Motivection: Journal of Mechanical, Electrical and Industrial Engineering, vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 73–84, 2024, doi: 10.46574/motivection.v6i1.316.
[25] A. Rimkus, G. Mejeras, and J. Matijošius, “The influence of hydrogen and oxygen (HHO) gas on engine characteristics under the effect of lean mixtures of gasoline and bioethanol,” International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, vol. 48, no. 99, pp. 39612–39624, 2023, doi: 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2023.07.167.
[26] S. T. P. Purayil, M. O. Hamdan, S. A. B. Al-Omari, M. Y. E. Selim, and E. Elnajjar, “Review of hydrogen–gasoline SI dual-fuel engines: Engine performance and emission,” Energy Reports, vol. 9, pp. 4547–4573, 2023, doi: 10.1016/j.egyr.2023.03.054.
[27] F. Oral, “Effect of using gasoline and gasoline–ethanol fuel mixture on performance and emissions in a hydrogen-generator-supported SI engine,” Case Studies in Thermal Engineering, vol. 55, Art. no. 104192, 2024, doi: 10.1016/j.csite.2024.104192.
[28] M. S. Gad and A. El Soly, “Improvements of combustion, emissions and exergy in a petrol engine using oxyhydrogen from different configurations,” International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, vol. 49, pp. 1020–1032, 2024, doi: 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2023.10.037.
[29] O. M. Butt, T. Saeed, H. Elahi, U. Masud, U. Ghafoor, H. S. Che, N. A. Rahim, and M. S. Ahmad, “A predictive approach to optimize an HHO generator coupled with solar PV as a standalone system,” Sustainability, vol. 13, no. 21, Art. no. 12110, 2021, doi: 10.3390/su132112110.
[30] M. A. Musmar and A. A. Al-Rousan, “Effect of HHO gas on combustion emissions in gasoline engines,” Fuel, vol. 90, no. 10, pp. 3066–3070, 2011, doi: 10.1016/j.fuel.2011.05.013.