Shaking Table Deck Inclination Variation in SHP Reprocessing: X-Ray Fluorescence-Based Analysis of Sn Concentrate Grade
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Abstract
Processing residue from tin beneficiation still contains unrecovered cassiterite that can be upgraded through gravity concentration. This study describes the variation in tin (Sn) concentrate grade obtained from Sisa Hasil Pengolahan (SHP) at PT Timah Tbk under different shaking table deck inclination settings and actual plant operating conditions. Experiments were conducted at a constant water flow rate of 0.43 L/s using three deck inclinations: 1.5°, 2.0°, and 2.5°. Each condition was tested in three repetitions. Feed and concentrate samples were dried, homogenized, ground, and analyzed using X-ray fluorescence (XRF). The mean concentrate grade increased from 4.77% Sn at 1.5° to 11.58% Sn at 2.0° and 13.02% Sn at 2.5°. These results indicate that higher deck inclination within the tested range corresponded to improved concentrate grade. However, the findings remain descriptive because recovery, mass balance, and inferential statistical analysis were not included.
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License and Copyright
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Copyright (c): Khairunisa Putri Amalia, Tri Gamela Saldy, Rangga Agung Pribadi Heriawan, Heri Prabowo (2026)
How to Cite
Amalia, K., Saldy, T., Heriawan, R., & Prabowo, H. (2026). Shaking Table Deck Inclination Variation in SHP Reprocessing: X-Ray Fluorescence-Based Analysis of Sn Concentrate Grade. MOTIVECTION : Journal of Mechanical, Electrical and Industrial Engineering, 8(1), 113-124. https://doi.org/10.46574/motivection.v8i1.588
References
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[20] H. M. Sierra, M. Šyc, and E. Korotenko, “Wet shaking table operating parameters optimization for maximizing metal recovery from incineration bottom ash fine fraction,” Waste Management, vol. 174, pp. 539–548, 2024, doi: 10.1016/j.wasman.2023.12.030.
[21] L. Zhang, S. A. Khoso, M. Tian, and W. Sun, “Cassiterite recovery from a sulfide ore flotation tailing by combined gravity and flotation separations,” Physicochemical Problems of Mineral Processing, vol. 57, no. 1, pp. 206–215, 2021, doi: 10.37190/ppmp/131006.
[22] T. Kundu, S. K. Das, N. Dash, P. K. Parhi, P. Sangurmath, and S. I. Angadi, “Characterization and gravity concentration studies on spodumene-bearing pegmatites of India,” Separation Science and Technology, vol. 58, no. 13, pp. 2331–2343, 2023, doi: 10.1080/01496395.2023.2258273.
[2] B. Lehmann, “Formation of tin ore deposits: A reassessment,” Lithos, vol. 402–403, p. 105756, 2021, doi: 10.1016/j.lithos.2020.105756.
[3] A. Y. Fosu and N. Kanari, “Insight into the extractive metallurgy of tin from cassiterite,” Materials, vol. 17, no. 13, p. 3312, 2024, doi: 10.3390/ma17133312.
[4] Y. Tsunazawa and Y. Kon, “Numerical investigation of density segregation on a shaking table using the discrete element method,” Materials Transactions, vol. 62, no. 6, pp. 892–898, 2021, doi: 10.2320/matertrans.M-M2021809.
[5] K. You and H. Liu, “Research on optimization of control parameters of gravity shaking table,” Scientific Reports, vol. 13, p. 1133, 2023, doi: 10.1038/s41598-023-28171-5.
[6] K. D. Panjaitan, J. Pitulima, and D. E. Andini, “Kajian teknis pengolahan SHP menggunakan shaking table untuk mengoptimalkan kadar dan recovery Sn di TB Batu Besi PT Timah Tbk,” Mineral, vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 31–38, 2023, doi: 10.33019/mineral.v8i1.4096.
[7] R. Z. Mirahati, N. Wulandari, F. A. Mardhatila, U. Sukamto, F. Y. Putri, H. H. Labib, and M. H. Faturrahman, “Studi eksperimental recovery timah (Sn) dari tailing high tension roll separation menggunakan shaking table: Pengaruh laju aliran air,” Jurnal Teknologi Pertambangan, vol. 11, no. 1, pp. 69–73, 2025, doi: 10.31315/jtp.v11i1.14957.
[8] Y. Amalia and F. E. Oktanugraha, “Analysis of tin processing retreatment tailings using a shaking table based on the effect of deck slope and water flow velocity on tin grade and recovery at PT Timah TBK,” AIP Conference Proceedings, vol. 3337, no. 1, Art. no. 040056, 2026, doi: 10.1063/5.0303016.
[9] A. O. Oyelola, B. J. Olatunde, A. O. Ebenezer, and G. Y. Elizabeth, “Investigating the gravity beneficiation consequence on Farin-Lamba (Plateau State) cassiterite towards tin oxide production,” Saudi Journal of Engineering and Technology, vol. 9, no. 2, pp. 121–127, 2024, doi: 10.36348/sjet.2024.v09i02.011.
[10] Subandrio, R. Kurniawati, W. Dahani, and S. P. Adji, “Optimization of tin ore concentration using gravity method,” AIP Conference Proceedings, vol. 2598, no. 1, Art. no. 040010, 2023, doi: 10.1063/5.0146309.
[11] T. Arief, “Design and experimentation shaking table tool for gravity concentration metal mineral separation,” International Journal of Mineral Processing and Extractive Metallurgy, vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 1–7, 2022, doi: 10.11648/j.ijmpem.20220701.11.
[12] R. O. Burt, Gravity Concentration Technology. Amsterdam, Netherlands: Elsevier, 1984.
[13] L. Pulungan, D. N. Usman, S. Widayati, and S. Maulida, “Improvement of cassiterite levels with variation of feed roll and separation roll speed in high tension roll separator (HTRS),” Journal of Engineering Science and Technology, vol. 16, no. 1, pp. 427–437, 2021.
[14] R. Ribeiro, D. Capela, M. Ferreira, R. Martins, P. Jorge, D. Guimarães, and A. Lima, “X-ray fluorescence and laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy analysis of Li-rich minerals in veins from Argemela Tin Mine, central Portugal,” Minerals, vol. 11, no. 11, p. 1169, 2021, doi: 10.3390/min11111169.
[15] H. Zhang, J. Antonangelo, and C. Penn, “Development of a rapid field testing method for metals in horizontal directional drilling residuals with XRF sensor,” Scientific Reports, vol. 11, p. 3901, 2021, doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-83584-4.
[16] K. You, C. Wen, and H. Liu, “Research on intelligent implementation of the beneficiation process of shaking table,” Minerals Engineering, vol. 199, Art. no. 108108, 2023, doi: 10.1016/j.mineng.2023.108108.
[17] M. E. Amosah, M. Yvon, J. Zhou, and K. P. Galvin, “The role of enhanced desliming and gravity separation as a precursor to flotation in the upgrading of cassiterite from tailings,” Minerals Engineering, vol. 208, Art. no. 108581, 2024, doi: 10.1016/j.mineng.2024.108581.
[18] S. Zhou, J. Wang, W. Wang, and S. Liao, “Evaluation of portable X-ray fluorescence analysis and its applicability as a tool in geochemical exploration,” Minerals, vol. 13, no. 2, Art. no. 166, 2023, doi: 10.3390/min13020166.
[19] B. Maestracci, S. Delchini, D. Chateigner, and E. Borovin, “Simultaneous combined XRF-XRD analysis of geological samples: New methodological approach for on-site analysis on New-Caledonian Ni-rich harzburgite,” Journal of Geochemical Exploration, vol. 252, Art. no. 107250, 2023, doi: 10.1016/j.gexplo.2023.107250.
[20] H. M. Sierra, M. Šyc, and E. Korotenko, “Wet shaking table operating parameters optimization for maximizing metal recovery from incineration bottom ash fine fraction,” Waste Management, vol. 174, pp. 539–548, 2024, doi: 10.1016/j.wasman.2023.12.030.
[21] L. Zhang, S. A. Khoso, M. Tian, and W. Sun, “Cassiterite recovery from a sulfide ore flotation tailing by combined gravity and flotation separations,” Physicochemical Problems of Mineral Processing, vol. 57, no. 1, pp. 206–215, 2021, doi: 10.37190/ppmp/131006.
[22] T. Kundu, S. K. Das, N. Dash, P. K. Parhi, P. Sangurmath, and S. I. Angadi, “Characterization and gravity concentration studies on spodumene-bearing pegmatites of India,” Separation Science and Technology, vol. 58, no. 13, pp. 2331–2343, 2023, doi: 10.1080/01496395.2023.2258273.