Vehicle-Based Evaluation of 12-V SLI Battery Cranking Performance under Ambient Cold-Start and Hot-Start Conditions
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Abstract
Reliable engine starting in conventional vehicles depends on the SLI battery’s ability to deliver high cranking current while maintaining voltage under load. This study evaluated a 12-V maintenance-free lead-acid SLI battery rated at 450 A CCA under practical ambient cold-start (20–30 °C) and hot-start (85–105 °C) conditions. Testing was conducted over four consecutive days using measured CCA, CCA ratio, minimum cranking voltage, open-circuit voltage (OCV), and starter duration. The tested battery showed generally better cranking indicators under the hot-start condition, with higher measured CCA, higher CCA ratio, slightly higher minimum cranking voltage, and shorter average starter duration. OCV remained stable at approximately 12.5–12.6 V, indicating that the observed cranking differences were not mainly associated with major no-load voltage variation. The combined use of CCA, cranking voltage, OCV, and starter duration provides a practical diagnostic basis for evaluating SLI battery starting readiness.
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This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Copyright (c): Ichsan Nasution, M. Sadly Firmansyah, M. Yasep Setiawan, Yuli mafendro dedet eka saputra, Budi Utomo Wisesa, Ilham Febriansyah (2026)
How to Cite
Nasution, I., Firmansyah, M., Setiawan, M., eka saputra, Y. mafendro, Wisesa, B., & Febriansyah, I. (2026). Vehicle-Based Evaluation of 12-V SLI Battery Cranking Performance under Ambient Cold-Start and Hot-Start Conditions. MOTIVECTION : Journal of Mechanical, Electrical and Industrial Engineering, 8(1), 101-112. https://doi.org/10.46574/motivection.v8i1.544
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[5] K. Khodadadi Sadabadi, A. Rastegarpanah, and M. Ferdowsi, “Model-based state-of-health estimation of a lead-acid battery using step-response and emulated in-situ vehicle data,” Journal of Energy Storage, vol. 36, Art. no. 102353, 2021, doi: 10.1016/j.est.2021.102353.
[6] S. Mischie, D. Raboaca, and G. Filote, “The exploitation of open circuit voltage parameters and energy recovery after discharge to decipher the state of health of lead-acid batteries,” Journal of Energy Storage, vol. 44, Art. no. 103477, 2021, doi: 10.1016/j.est.2021.103477.
[7] A. B. Khan, A. S. Akram, and W. Choi, “State of charge estimation of flooded lead-acid battery using adaptive unscented Kalman filter,” Energies, vol. 17, no. 6, Art. no. 1275, 2024, doi: 10.3390/en17061275.
[8] A. T. P. Zau, M. J. Lencwe, S. P. D. Chowdhury, and T. O. Olwal, “A battery management strategy in a lead-acid and lithium-ion hybrid system for conventional vehicles,” Energies, vol. 15, no. 7, Art. no. 2577, 2022, doi: 10.3390/en15072577.
[9] A. B. Ansari, V. Esfahanian, and F. Torabi, “Thermal-electrochemical simulation of lead-acid battery using reduced-order model based on proper orthogonal decomposition for real-time monitoring purposes,” Journal of Energy Storage, vol. 44, Art. no. 103491, 2021, doi: 10.1016/j.est.2021.103491.
[10] R. L. Oliveri, M. Pasquali, and F. De Santis, “High-performance lead-acid batteries enabled by PbO₂ nanostructured electrodes: Effect of operating temperature,” Applied Sciences, vol. 11, no. 14, Art. no. 6357, 2021, doi: 10.3390/app11146357.
[11] M. Mohsin, A. Mahmood, and S. Ahmad, “A new lead-acid battery state-of-health evaluation method using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy for second life in rural electrification systems,” Journal of Energy Storage, vol. 52, Art. no. 104647, 2022, doi: 10.1016/j.est.2022.104647.
[12] R. Yu et al., “Review of degradation mechanism and health estimation method of VRLA battery used for standby power supply in power system,” Coatings, vol. 13, no. 3, Art. no. 485, 2023, doi: 10.3390/coatings13030485.
[13] P. Kędzior et al., “Enhanced cycle life of SLI type lead-acid batteries with electrolyte modified by ionic liquid,” RSC Advances, vol. 13, pp. 23626–23637, 2023, doi: 10.1039/D3RA04386J.
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[15] C. W. Stone et al., “High energy X-ray imaging of heterogeneity in charged and discharged lead-acid battery electrodes,” Journal of Power Sources, vol. 557, Art. no. 232538, 2023, doi: 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2022.232538.
[16] Y. Wang, J. Wu, N. Lin, D. Liu, Z. Liu, and H. Lin, “Enabling stable cycling performance with rice husk silica positive additive in lead-acid battery,” Energy, vol. 269, Art. no. 126796, 2023, doi: 10.1016/j.energy.2023.126796.
[17] M. Zhang et al., “Preparation of NH₄Cl-modified carbon materials via high-temperature calcination and their application in the negative electrode of lead-carbon batteries,” Molecules, vol. 28, no. 14, Art. no. 5618, 2023, doi: 10.3390/molecules28145618.
[18] X. Sun, L. Yang, L. Shi, P. Qi, M. Jiang, J. Wang, Y. Xiong, and Y. Su, “Carbon thermal shock assisted activated carbon for lead-carbon batteries: Uniform loading of lead nanoparticles and pore regulation,” Journal of Energy Storage, vol. 73, Art. no. 108992, 2023, doi: 10.1016/j.est.2023.108992.
[19] X. Ma, S. Zhou, S. Zhou, Y. Liu, Z. Chen, Y. Yang, S. Xiang, and J. Cao, “Investigation of discharged positive material used as negative additive for lead-acid battery,” Journal of Energy Storage, vol. 99, Art. no. 113431, 2024, doi: 10.1016/j.est.2024.113431.
[20] C. Huang and N. Li, “Fast health state estimation of lead-acid batteries based on multi-time constant current charging curve,” Electronics, vol. 12, no. 21, Art. no. 4552, 2023, doi: 10.3390/electronics12214552.
[21] International Electrotechnical Commission, IEC 60095-1:2018, Lead-acid starter batteries—Part 1: General requirements and methods of test. Geneva, Switzerland: IEC, 2018.
[22] SAE International, SAE J537_202309, Storage Batteries. Warrendale, PA, USA: SAE International, 2023.
[23] Japanese Standards Association, JIS D 5301:2019, Lead-acid starter batteries. Tokyo, Japan: Japanese Standards Association, 2019.
[24] European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization, EN 50342-1:2015/A1:2018/A2:2021, Lead-acid starter batteries—Part 1: General requirements and methods of test. Brussels, Belgium: CENELEC, 2021.
[25] O. Demirci and S. Taskin, “Development of measurement and analyses system to estimate test results for lead-acid starter batteries,” Journal of Energy Storage, vol. 34, Art. no. 102172, 2021, doi: 10.1016/j.est.2020.102172.
[26] G. Kortenbruck, L. Jakubczyk, and D. F. Nowak, “Voltage signals measured directly at the battery and via on-board diagnostics: A comparison,” Vehicles, vol. 5, no. 2, pp. 637–655, 2023, doi: 10.3390/vehicles5020035.
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[28] A. Puzakov and A. Fot, “Method for determining the state of health of starter batteries,” AIP Conference Proceedings, vol. 2503, Art. no. 050044, 2022, doi: 10.1063/5.0099443.
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[30] S. K. Szürke, G. Sütheö, P. Őri, and I. Lakatos, “Self-diagnostic opportunities for battery systems in electric and hybrid vehicles,” Machines, vol. 12, no. 5, Art. no. 324, 2024, doi: 10.3390/machines12050324.
[31] X. Du, H. Mu, K. Corr, M. Nowak, H. Wong, T.-W. F. Chang, and S. Rahimifard, “Health indicator development for low-voltage battery diagnostics and prognostics in electric vehicles,” Annual Conference of the PHM Society, vol. 16, no. 1, 2024, doi: 10.36001/phmconf.2024.v16i1.3918.
[32] T. B. Murari, R. C. da Costa, H. B. de B. Pereira, R. L. S. Monteiro, and M. A. Moret, “Early detection of failing lead-acid automotive batteries using the detrended cross-correlation analysis coefficient,” Applied System Innovation, vol. 8, no. 2, Art. no. 29, 2025, doi: 10.3390/asi8020029.
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