Inventory Control Planning for Injectable Drugs Using a Continuous Review Model with Product Expiration Considerations: A Case Study of Clinic X
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Abstract
Effective pharmaceutical inventory control is essential for maintaining drug availability while minimizing losses from overstock, stockouts, and product expiration in healthcare facilities. This study examines injectable drug inventory planning at Clinic X using a Continuous Review System within a probabilistic inventory model. Historical demand data for 18 injectable drugs from January to December 2023 were analyzed through demand forecasting, calculation of optimal order quantity, reorder point, safety stock, and maximum inventory level, estimation of expired products, and comparison of total inventory cost before and after implementation of the proposed policy. The results show that the proposed model reduced total inventory cost from IDR 35,853,564 under the existing clinic policy to IDR 23,339,897, yielding savings of IDR 12,513,667, or approximately 35%. The model-based expiration estimate indicated zero expected expired units for all observed injectable drugs under the proposed ordering policy and calculation assumptions. These findings indicate that incorporating product expiration into continuous review inventory planning can support more cost-efficient and responsive drug inventory management in healthcare facilities.
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License and Copyright
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Copyright (c): Dian Kristina, Saputra Saputra, Rini Syahfitri, Salsabila Miftah Rezkia, St. Nova Meirizha (2026)
How to Cite
Kristina, D., Saputra, S., Syahfitri, R., Rezkia, S., & Meirizha, S. N. (2026). Inventory Control Planning for Injectable Drugs Using a Continuous Review Model with Product Expiration Considerations: A Case Study of Clinic X. MOTIVECTION : Journal of Mechanical, Electrical and Industrial Engineering, 8(1), 83-100. https://doi.org/10.46574/motivection.v8i1.539
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[24] G. Diriba, G. Hasen, Y. Tefera, and S. Suleman, “Assessment of the magnitude and contributing factors of expired medicines in the public pharmaceutical supply chains of Western Ethiopia,” BMC Health Services Research, vol. 23, Art. no. 791, 2023, doi: 10.1186/s12913-023-09776-y.
[25] J. Shen, F. Bu, Z. Ye, M. Zhang, Q. Ma, J. Yan, and T. Huang, “Management of drug supply chain information based on ‘artificial intelligence + vendor managed inventory’ in China: Perspective based on a case study,” Frontiers in Pharmacology, vol. 15, Art. no. 1373642, 2024, doi: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1373642.
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[2] A. Bekele, B. Boche, Y. K. Anagaw, W. Ayenew, M. C. Worku, D. T. Geremew, T. Minwagaw, E. Melkamu, A. E. Woldeyohanins, B. B. Tefera, and M. Duguma, “Inventory management performance of essential medicines in public health facilities of Jimma Zone, Southwest Ethiopia,” PLOS Global Public Health, vol. 5, no. 4, Art. no. e0004379, 2025, doi: 10.1371/journal.pgph.0004379.
[3] S. Mabizela, H. N. Nakambale, and V. Bangalee, “Predictors of medicine redistribution at public healthcare facilities in King Cetshwayo District, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa,” BMC Health Services Research, vol. 23, Art. no. 1108, 2023, doi: 10.1186/s12913-023-10096-4.
[4] T. A. Zwaida, C. Pham, and Y. Beauregard, “Optimization of inventory management to prevent drug shortages in the hospital supply chain,” Applied Sciences, vol. 11, no. 6, Art. no. 2726, 2021, doi: 10.3390/app11062726.
[5] C. Greene, Z. B. Zabinsky, D. Sarley, and L. Akhlaghi, “Inventory and order management for healthcare commodities during a pandemic,” Annals of Operations Research, vol. 337, no. 1, pp. 105–133, 2024, doi: 10.1007/s10479-024-05870-4.
[6] E. Ahmadi, H. Mosadegh, R. Maihami, I. Ghalehkhondabi, M. Sun, and G. A. Süer, “Intelligent inventory management approaches for perishable pharmaceutical products in a healthcare supply chain,” Computers & Operations Research, vol. 147, Art. no. 105968, 2022, doi: 10.1016/j.cor.2022.105968.
[7] A. Ayuningputri, N. I. Saragih, and P. S. Muttaqin, “Minimization of PT XYZ interior fabric inventory costs with Continuous Review (s, S) and Periodic Review (R, s, S) based on ABC analysis,” Motivection: Journal of Mechanical, Electrical and Industrial Engineering, vol. 4, no. 3, pp. 329–340, 2022, doi: 10.46574/motivection.v4i3.168.
[8] A. N. Adien and F. A. Nisah, “Optimizing child part inventory management using ABC analysis and safety stock calculation at PT ZYX,” Motivection: Journal of Mechanical, Electrical and Industrial Engineering, vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 37–46, 2025, doi: 10.46574/motivection.v7i1.429.
[9] N. Khairunnisa and N. M. E. Normasari, “Inventory optimization of perishable items using a shelf life-based heuristic approach,” OPSI, vol. 18, no. 2, 2025, doi: 10.31315/opsi.v18i2.15481.
[10] K. Salas-Navarro, J. Pardo-Meza, J. Torres-Prentt, and J. Rivera-Alvarado, “A multi-product and multi-period inventory planning model to optimize the supply of medicines in a pharmacy in Barranquilla, Colombia,” Logistics, vol. 9, no. 4, Art. no. 151, 2025, doi: 10.3390/logistics9040151.
[11] S. W. Samsul, Harlinda L., and Sugiarti, “Design and implementation of health supplies inventory monitoring system using First Expired First Out method,” Indonesian Journal of Data and Science, vol. 4, no. 2, pp. 109–119, 2023, doi: 10.56705/ijodas.v4i2.72.
[12] D. Barrow, N. Kourentzes, M. Utley, and H. Kirkland, “Drug demand forecasting for hospital pharmacies using temporal hierarchies,” Journal of the Operational Research Society, 2026, doi: 10.1080/01605682.2026.2620515.
[13] C. Wiedyaningsih, D. A. Puspitasari, and N. P. V. G. Putri, “Comparison of forecasting drug needs using time series methods in healthcare facilities: A systematic review,” Jurnal Farmasi Sains dan Praktis, vol. 10, no. 2, pp. 156–165, 2024, doi: 10.31603/pharmacy.v10i2.11145.
[14] R. J. Hyndman and G. Athanasopoulos, Forecasting: Principles and Practice, 3rd ed. Melbourne, VIC, Australia: OTexts, 2021.
[15] R. Mahmud, N. I. Saragih, and P. S. Muttaqin, “Perancangan sistem persediaan obat menggunakan metode probabilistic continuous review system dan periodic review system untuk meminimasi stockout di Instalasi Farmasi RSUD Toto Kabila,” Journal of Industrial Engineering and Operation Management, vol. 7, no. 2, pp. 224–238, 2024, doi: 10.31602/jieom.v7i2.16305.
[16] S. Demiray Kırmızı, Z. Ceylan, and S. Bulkan, “Enhancing inventory management through safety-stock strategies—A case study,” Systems, vol. 12, no. 7, Art. no. 260, 2024, doi: 10.3390/systems12070260.
[17] H. N. Chiu, “An approximation to the continuous review inventory model with perishable items and lead times,” European Journal of Operational Research, vol. 87, no. 1, pp. 93–108, 1995, doi: 10.1016/0377-2217(94)00060-P.
[18] Indrawati, F. M. Puspita, S. S. Supadi, E. Yuliza, and K. Rizki, “Inventory model for deteriorating pharmaceutical items with linear demand rate,” Science and Technology Indonesia, vol. 9, no. 1, pp. 148–155, 2024, doi: 10.26554/sti.2024.9.1.148-155.
[19] N. Khairunnisa and N. M. E. Normasari, “Inventory optimization of perishable items using a shelf life-based heuristic approach,” OPSI, vol. 18, no. 2, 2025, doi: 10.31315/opsi.v18i2.15481.
[20] A. B. Ayalew, A. G. Alemu, and A. M. Worku, “The application of ABC-VED with multi-criteria analysis for drug inventory management,” Scientific Reports, vol. 16, Art. no. 2328, 2026, doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-32068-w.
[21] R. Siddiqui, M. Azmat, S. Ahmed, and S. Kummer, “A hybrid demand forecasting model for greater forecasting accuracy: The case of the pharmaceutical industry,” Supply Chain Forum: An International Journal, vol. 23, no. 2, pp. 124–134, 2022, doi: 10.1080/16258312.2021.1967081.
[22] J. C. Kabera and M. F. Mukanyangezi, “Influence of inventory management practices on the availability of emergency obstetric drugs in Rwandan public hospitals: A case of Rwanda Southern Province,” BMC Health Services Research, vol. 24, Art. no. 14, 2024, doi: 10.1186/s12913-023-10459-x.
[23] N. Legese, D. Teshome, and T. Gedif, “Inventory management of health commodities in a tertiary teaching hospital in Ethiopia,” Frontiers in Pharmacology, vol. 13, Art. no. 763909, 2022, doi: 10.3389/fphar.2022.763909.
[24] G. Diriba, G. Hasen, Y. Tefera, and S. Suleman, “Assessment of the magnitude and contributing factors of expired medicines in the public pharmaceutical supply chains of Western Ethiopia,” BMC Health Services Research, vol. 23, Art. no. 791, 2023, doi: 10.1186/s12913-023-09776-y.
[25] J. Shen, F. Bu, Z. Ye, M. Zhang, Q. Ma, J. Yan, and T. Huang, “Management of drug supply chain information based on ‘artificial intelligence + vendor managed inventory’ in China: Perspective based on a case study,” Frontiers in Pharmacology, vol. 15, Art. no. 1373642, 2024, doi: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1373642.
[26] S. Shukar et al., “Drug shortage: Causes, impact, and mitigation strategies,” Frontiers in Pharmacology, vol. 12, Art. no. 693426, 2021, doi: 10.3389/fphar.2021.693426.
[27] E. L. Tucker and M. S. Daskin, “Pharmaceutical supply chain reliability and effects on drug shortages,” Computers & Industrial Engineering, vol. 169, Art. no. 108258, 2022, doi: 10.1016/j.cie.2022.108258.
[28] W. Zhang et al., “Problems and challenges encountered by Chinese medical institutions in implementing the national centralized drug procurement,” Frontiers in Pharmacology, vol. 14, Art. no. 1233491, 2023, doi: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1233491.
[29] H. Demisse, H. Abuye, S. Foga, and F. Amare, “Assessment of magnitude of medicines wastage and the contributing factors in selected public health facilities of Hadiya Zone, Central Ethiopia Regional State,” BMC Public Health, vol. 24, Art. no. 2952, 2024, doi: 10.1186/s12889-024-20229-x.
[30] A. Gutesa, T. Jebena, and O. Kebede, “Inventory management performance for tracer medicines in public health facilities of Southwest Shewa Zone Oromia Region, Ethiopia: A mixed study,” SAGE Open Medicine, vol. 12, 2024, doi: 10.1177/20503121241274041.
[31] H. Getahun, S. Belew, G. Hasen, Y. T. Tefera Mekasha, and S. Suleman, “Assessment of the extent and monetary loss in the selected public hospitals in Jimma Zone, Ethiopia: Expired medicine perspectives,” Frontiers in Medicine, vol. 11, Art. no. 1283070, 2024, doi: 10.3389/fmed.2024.1283070.