Mode-Dependent Effects of a Piggyback Throttle Controller on Torque and Power in a 1500 cc EFI Engine
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Abstract
The rising adoption of aftermarket devices in the car modification industry has heightened interest in the piggyback throttle controller as an effective means of modifying throttle response without substituting the original ECU. Nonetheless, its impact on torque and power remains inadequately substantiated through controlled experimentation. This study experimentally assessed the impact of a 9-Drive piggyback throttle controller on the performance parameters of a 2011 Toyota Yaris 1500 cc EFI engine utilizing a chassis dynamometer. The car underwent testing under four conditions: no treatment, Standard mode, F1 mode, and ECO mode, with each condition replicated three times. The findings indicated that F1 mode generated the maximum average torque, attaining 177.13 Nm, which was 15.03 Nm greater than the untreated condition. Conversely, ECO mode yielded the highest average power at 98.60 HP, whereas Standard mode exhibited just negligible variations in both metrics. The data demonstrate that the controller did not produce a consistent performance enhancement across all modes, but instead altered the engine's output characteristics in a mode-dependent fashion. Under the current testing conditions, F1 mode exhibited a more pronounced torque-oriented response, while ECO mode demonstrated marginally greater power output. The findings indicate that a piggyback throttle controller can alter engine response characteristics, however its impact must be assessed in relation to the chosen mode and the particular performance metric under evaluation.
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License and Copyright
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Copyright (c): Farhat Ramadhan Ilza, Nuzul Hidayat, Toto Sugiarto, Iffarial Nanda, Jackly Muriban (2026)
How to Cite
Ilza, F., Hidayat, N., Sugiarto, T., Nanda, I., & Muriban, J. (2026). Mode-Dependent Effects of a Piggyback Throttle Controller on Torque and Power in a 1500 cc EFI Engine. MOTIVECTION : Journal of Mechanical, Electrical and Industrial Engineering, 8(1), 71-82. https://doi.org/10.46574/motivection.v8i1.531
References
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[19] N. S. Mahmood, A. J. Humaidi, and R. S. Al-Azzawi, “Nonlinear PD State Feedback Control for Electronic Throttle Valve Based on Ant Colony Optimization,” in 2023 IEEE 11th Conference on Systems, Process & Control (ICSPC), 2023, pp. 38–43, doi: 10.1109/ICSPC59664.2023.10420124.
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[21] C. Liu, P. Liu, and Y. Cheng, “Self-Coupling PID Control with Adaptive Transition Function for Enhanced Electronic Throttle Position Tracking,” Symmetry, vol. 17, no. 5, Art. no. 673, 2025, doi: 10.3390/sym17050673.
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[24] E. Surjadi, Wijoyo, and D. R. Septiawan, “Effects of Fuel Injector Seat Angle on Power, Torque, and Exhaust Emissions of a Single-Cylinder Four-Stroke Engine,” International Journal Science and Technology, vol. 4, no. 3, pp. 13–26, 2025, doi: 10.56127/ijst.v4i3.2347.
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[26] M. Ikhwan, R. Saputra, I. Febriansyah, M. S. Firmansyah, R. K. Ramadhan, W. Purwanto, and H. D. Saputra, “Effect of Ignition Timing Variations Using a Programmable ECU on Power and Torque of FI Motorcycle,” BIS Energy and Engineering, vol. 2, Art. no. V225041, 2025, doi: 10.31603/biseeng.366.
[27] L. O. I. S. Yunus, F. T. Putri, and R. R. Ismail, “Fuel-Injected Motorcycle Performance Optimization Utilising Pertalite-Ethanol Blends and Deep Neural Network-Based ECU for Efficiency Improvement and Emission Reduction,” Jurnal Rekayasa Mesin, vol. 16, no. 2, pp. 789–799, 2025, doi: 10.21776/jrm.v16i2.1946.
[2] I. Veza, M. A. Abas, D. W. Djamari, N. Tamaldin, F. Endrasari, B. A. Budiman, M. Idris, A. C. Opia, F. B. Juangsa, and M. Aziz, “Electric Vehicles in Malaysia and Indonesia: Opportunities and Challenges,” Energies, vol. 15, no. 7, Art. no. 2564, 2022, doi: 10.3390/en15072564.
[3] D. Hermansyah, A. Afdal, Zulkarnain, and R. D. Koto, “Study on the Impact of CDI Limiter and CDI Unlimiter Usage on Motorcycle Fuel Consumption and Exhaust Gas Emissions,” MOTIVECTION: Journal of Mechanical, Electrical and Industrial Engineering, vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 73–84, 2024, doi: 10.46574/motivection.v6i1.316.
[4] A. T. O. Zulfan, Martias, E. Alwi, and D. S. Putra, “Analisis Penggunaan Piggyback Fuel Adjuster pada Sepeda Motor Fuel Injection terhadap Performa Mesin dan Pembukaan Injektor,” JTPVI: Jurnal Teknologi dan Pendidikan Vokasi Indonesia, vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 87–100, 2024, doi: 10.24036/jtpvi.v2i1.147.
[5] W. Purwanto, A. Baharudin, T. Sugiarto, D. S. Putra, and N. Hidayat, “The Design and Development of Voltage Amplifiers Using Microcontroller for Mass Absolute Pressure (MAP) Sensor in the Toyota Avanza,” VANOS Journal of Mechanical Engineering Education, vol. 3, no. 2, pp. 93–100, 2018, doi: 10.30870/vanos.v3i2.4053.
[6] H. T. Diep, G. B. Nguyen, and B. Mohamad, “Remapping and Simulation of EFI System for SI Engine Using Piggyback ECU,” Acta Polytechnica, vol. 63, no. 2, pp. 89–102, 2023, doi: 10.14311/AP.2023.63.0089.
[7] Y. Liu, J. Chen, Y. Liu, H. Wang, and X. Zhang, “Self-Tuning Backstepping Control with Kalman-like Filter for High-Precision Control of Automotive Electronic Throttle,” Electronics, vol. 12, no. 13, Art. no. 2938, 2023, doi: 10.3390/electronics12132938.
[8] Z. Asshadri, Martias, Rifdarmon, and I. Nanda, “Modifikasi Pengaktifan VTEC Engine Swap F23A Honda Accord Cielo 1995 dengan Rangkaian Switch Control Pedal Gas terhadap Torsi dan Daya,” JTPVI: Jurnal Teknologi dan Pendidikan Vokasi Indonesia, vol. 3, no. 2, pp. 737–746, 2025, doi: 10.24036/jtpvi.v3i2.318.
[9] A. N. Adnan, T. Sugiarto, D. Fernandez, and I. Nanda, “Studi Eksperimental Peningkatan Performa Mesin Honda Scoopy FI melalui Modifikasi Bore Up 110–130 cc,” JTPVI: Jurnal Teknologi dan Pendidikan Vokasi Indonesia, vol. 3, no. 4, pp. 993–1002, 2025, doi: 10.24036/jtpvi.v3i4.375.
[10] I. Zikri and R. Lapisa, “The Effect of the Addition of Turbo Cyclone on the Inlet Air on Torque and Power in the Toyota Avanza 1300 CC,” MOTIVECTION: Journal of Mechanical, Electrical and Industrial Engineering, vol. 3, no. 2, pp. 85–92, 2021, doi: 10.46574/motivection.v3i2.90.
[11] Y. M. D. E. Saputra and M. H. Tullah, “Experimental Study of the Effect of Increased Compression Ratio on the Torque and Power of the Honda CB 150R Engine Using E85 Fuel,” MOTIVECTION: Journal of Mechanical, Electrical and Industrial Engineering, vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 11–18, 2021, doi: 10.46574/motivection.v3i1.82.
[12] A. F. Fauzil, D. Fernandez, H. Maksum, and M. Y. Setiawan, “Pengaruh Penggunaan ECU Racing dan Injektor Racing terhadap Torsi, Daya dan Konsumsi Bahan Bakar pada Sepeda Motor Jupiter MX King 150,” JTPVI: Jurnal Teknologi dan Pendidikan Vokasi Indonesia, vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 1–10, 2024, doi: 10.24036/jtpvi.v2i1.122.
[13] R. Noval, D. A. Sumarsono, M. Adhitya, G. Heryana, F. Zainuri, M. H. Tullah, and M. Todaro, “Performance Evaluation and Accuracy Analysis of a Chassis Dynamometer for Light Electric Vehicles,” World Electric Vehicle Journal, vol. 16, no. 3, Art. no. 170, 2025, doi: 10.3390/wevj16030170.
[14] M. Y. Setiawan, N. Hidayat, W. Purwanto, D. S. Putra, A. Arif, D. Fernandez, E. Susanto, and A. Baharudin, “A Scientific Investigation into the Impact of CVT Roller Weight on Fuel Efficiency and Engine Performance in Motorcycles,” MOTIVECTION: Journal of Mechanical, Electrical and Industrial Engineering, vol. 7, no. 2, pp. 245–254, 2025, doi: 10.46574/motivection.v7i2.343.
[15] Z. Asshadri, Martias, Rifdarmon, and I. Nanda, “Modifikasi Pengaktifan VTEC Engine Swap F23A Honda Accord Cielo 1995 dengan Rangkaian Swicth Control Pedal Gas terhadap Torsi dan Daya,” JTPVI: Jurnal Teknologi dan Pendidikan Vokasi Indonesia, vol. 3, no. 2, pp. 737–746, 2025, doi: 10.24036/jtpvi.v3i2.318.
[16] S. Gupta, R. Kaur, S. S. Sandhu, N. Khare, A. Shukla, N. S. Ray, A. Shandilya, R. Sharma, and M. Saxena, “Experimental Evaluation of Flex-Fuel Performance and Emissions in a Fuel-Injected Two-Wheeler under Controlled Chassis Dynamometer Conditions,” Clean Energy, vol. 8, no. 3, pp. 174–193, 2024, doi: 10.1093/ce/zkad092.
[17] B. Alexander and N. Ruhyat, “Experimental Analysis of the Effects of Intake Manifold Length and Angle Variations on Torque and Power in 110 cc Fuel Injected Motorcycles,” G-Tech: Jurnal Teknologi Terapan, vol. 9, no. 3, pp. 1513–1523, 2025, doi: 10.70609/g-tech.v9i3.7320.
[18] O. Youssef and R. Shalaby, “Optimizing Automotive Electronic Throttle Control with a Modified Grey Wolf Algorithm,” in 2023 5th Novel Intelligent and Leading Emerging Sciences Conference (NILES), 2023, pp. 222–227, doi: 10.1109/NILES59815.2023.10296740.
[19] N. S. Mahmood, A. J. Humaidi, and R. S. Al-Azzawi, “Nonlinear PD State Feedback Control for Electronic Throttle Valve Based on Ant Colony Optimization,” in 2023 IEEE 11th Conference on Systems, Process & Control (ICSPC), 2023, pp. 38–43, doi: 10.1109/ICSPC59664.2023.10420124.
[20] A. F. Mutlak and A. J. Humaidi, “Adaptive Synergetic Control for Electronic Throttle Valve System,” International Review of Applied Sciences and Engineering, vol. 15, no. 2, pp. 211–220, 2024, doi: 10.1556/1848.2023.00706.
[21] C. Liu, P. Liu, and Y. Cheng, “Self-Coupling PID Control with Adaptive Transition Function for Enhanced Electronic Throttle Position Tracking,” Symmetry, vol. 17, no. 5, Art. no. 673, 2025, doi: 10.3390/sym17050673.
[22] H. Yamada, M. Kobayashi, Y. Ebashi, S. Kasamatsu, I. Kobayashi, J. Kuroda, D. Uchino, K. Ogawa, K. Ikeda, T. Kato, X. Liu, A. Endo, M. H. B. Peeie, T. Narita, and H. Kato, “Basic Study on Operation Control Systems of Internal Combustion Engines in Hybrid Small Race Cars to Improve Dynamic Performance,” Vehicles, vol. 7, no. 2, Art. no. 41, 2025, doi: 10.3390/vehicles7020041.
[23] D. Adiputra, P. Widodo, A. J. Widodo, Y. A. Bayuaji, and N. D. P. Putri, “Low-Cost Portable Throttle Curve Manipulator for Smooth Initial Movement of an Electric Vehicle,” Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, vol. 30, no. 2, pp. 681–689, 2023, doi: 10.11591/ijeecs.v30.i2.pp681-689.
[24] E. Surjadi, Wijoyo, and D. R. Septiawan, “Effects of Fuel Injector Seat Angle on Power, Torque, and Exhaust Emissions of a Single-Cylinder Four-Stroke Engine,” International Journal Science and Technology, vol. 4, no. 3, pp. 13–26, 2025, doi: 10.56127/ijst.v4i3.2347.
[25] A. D. Soewono, M. Darmawan, and J. Halim, “Kajian Eksperimental Pengaruh Penggunaan Electronic Control Unit Aftermarket pada Daya, Torsi, Emisi, dan Konsumsi Bahan Bakar Sepeda Motor 150 cc,” Jurnal Rekayasa Mesin, vol. 14, no. 2, pp. 487–497, 2023, doi: 10.21776/jrm.v14i2.1276.
[26] M. Ikhwan, R. Saputra, I. Febriansyah, M. S. Firmansyah, R. K. Ramadhan, W. Purwanto, and H. D. Saputra, “Effect of Ignition Timing Variations Using a Programmable ECU on Power and Torque of FI Motorcycle,” BIS Energy and Engineering, vol. 2, Art. no. V225041, 2025, doi: 10.31603/biseeng.366.
[27] L. O. I. S. Yunus, F. T. Putri, and R. R. Ismail, “Fuel-Injected Motorcycle Performance Optimization Utilising Pertalite-Ethanol Blends and Deep Neural Network-Based ECU for Efficiency Improvement and Emission Reduction,” Jurnal Rekayasa Mesin, vol. 16, no. 2, pp. 789–799, 2025, doi: 10.21776/jrm.v16i2.1946.